Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is a term that refers to the number of genes, species, individual organisms within a given species, and biological communities within a defined geographic area, ranging from the smallest ecosystem to. The planets biodiversity is under threat and the main culprit is the one who, paradoxically, depend on it most. Thresholds and governance blue paper summary for decisionmakers commissioned by global biodiversity loss results from decades of unsustainable use of the marine environment and represents a major threat to the ecosystem services on which we, and future generations, depend. The 2010 international year of biodiversity drew attention to the ongoing loss of biodiversity as well as to the failure of existing governance instruments to meet the internationally agreed target of significantly reducing biodiversity loss. These include efforts to alleviate poverty by the government and provide. Unfortunately, some of these countries experience high levels of political corruption2, which may limit the success of conservation projects by reducing effective funding levels and distorting priorities3. The detailed revision of the spending on biodiversity under the criteria of sustainable use, protection, restoration, as well as management and governance shows the low incidence of restoration, only reaching 0. About threefourth of the human population resides in the tropical regions which occupy only about onefourth of the total area of the world. Minimising the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services in. Yet environmental authorities are persistently challenged the loss of biodiversity as a very important global issue for several years due to high dependent exposure to risks. This means that conservation would go beyond current practices to include landscapes that are dominated by conventional agriculture, where biodiversity conservation plays a minor role at best. Unfortunately, some of these countries experience high levels of political corruption, which may limit the success of conservation projects by reducing effective funding levels and distorting priorities. Although australias nominally protected areas increase in area, the trajectory of real commitment to conservation is in decline along with australias biodiversity. Slowing down biodiversity loss, understood as the reduction or disappearance of the variety of living beings that inhabit the planet, is one of humanitys great challenges.
Most of the worlds biodiversity occurs within developing countries that require donor support to build their conservation capacity1. Governance of biodiversity tesis doctorals en xarxa. Therefore, such adverse impacts are expected to increase significantly in the future, reflecting the urgent need for an effective governance framework to curb the expected loss. By restoring, conserving and thriving with nature, cities also have much to gain from addressing climate change to.
This blue paper provides an overview of the reasons for habitat degradation and biodiversity loss and the impacts that result. Using social network analysis to identify key stakeholders. Governance is one of the most essential instruments for environmental management. Jan 07, 2020 with almost 40% of earths land surface transformed by farming activity clark and tilman 2017, agriculture is the single largest contributor to biodiversity loss to date dudley and alexander 2017 and considered as one of the main drivers of potential biodiversity loss in the near future ipbes 2019. We investigated whether changes in three well surveyed and. The most vulnerable species are at the top of food chains eea 2006.
Study on understanding the causes of biodiversity loss and the. Science and governance paris conference met from 2428 january 2005 at the headquarters of the united nations educational, scientific and cultural organization unesco, in paris, france. Journal of global resources volume 3 july 2016 page 115. The uns global biodiversity outlook 2014 estimates that 70 percent of the projected loss of terrestrial biodiversity are caused by agriculture use. This includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems article 1 cbd1. Governance for biodiversity the james hutton institute. Oecd 2018, mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable development. Species richness values for each countr y were calculated as the number of recorded mammal and bird species, using data available from. We conclude that marine biodiversity loss is increasingly impairing the oceans capacity to provide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations. The complex links between governance and biodiversity.
Governance and the loss of biodiversity kent academic. So, the question to provide or not biodiversity conservation e. Alterations in ecosystem composition, such as the loss or decline of a species, can lead to a loss of biodiversity. Mainstreaming biodiversity for sustainable development oecd. Urban development and urban life are crucial in determining the nature and extent of biodiversity loss as well as shaping how the majority of the worlds population lives with nature. Continentalscale governance failure will hasten loss of australias biodiversity euan g. Biodiversity can be measured through the use of quantitativeindicators, although no single unified approach exists. Trident university module 4 case assignment habitat loss, land use and. Governance habitat loss landuse change plant biodiversity abstract rapid landuse and climate changes are projected to cause broadscale global landcover transformation that will increase species extinction rates. In europe, while some species populations are increasing, other species are rapidly declining. While australias nominally protected areas increase in area, the. First, we explore the hypothesized relationships between corruption and biodiversity. Most of the worlds biodiversity occurs within developing countries that require donor support to build their conservation capacity.
Using social network analysis to identify key stakeholders in. To improve biodiversity governance, i therefore propose a holistic view of human and non human needs, recognizing the intrinsic value of the living world i. The main drivers of biodiversity loss are overexploitation and human pressures in coastal environments development, habitat loss, pollution, disturbance. Here we show that governance scores were correlated with changes in total forest cover, but not with changes in natural forest cover. Yet available data suggest that at this point, these trends are still.
Examples of changes in land use include deforestation, intensive monoculture, and urbanization the 2019 ipbes global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services asserts that industrial agriculture is the primary driver collapsing biodiversity. The covid19 pandemic had its origins in illegal wildlife trade and habitat destruction, which brought animal disease into contact with humans. Biodiversity also underpins ecosystem function and the provision of ecosystem services. Key messages biodiversity is the term used to encompass the variety of all living organisms on earth, including their genetic diversity, species diversity and the diversity of marine, terrestrial. Study on understanding the causes of biodiversity loss and. The aichi biodiversity target icons are used with permission of the secretariat of the. The usaid biodiversity policy builds upon the agencys long history of conserving a global biological heritage for current and future generations and reflects a deep understanding of the role that healthy natural systems play in achieving the agencys humandevelopment goals. Article dynamic environmental governance enhanced sustainable. Biodiversity loss and land degradation an overview of the financial materiality biodiversity loss why biodiversity loss matters 44 trillion us dollars of economic value generated each year is moderately or highly dependent on nature. Despite ambitious targets, europe continues to lose biodiversity at an alarming rate. Ecological effects of biodiversity are usually counteracted by its loss. Minimising the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Pdf most of the worlds biodiversity occurs within developing countries that require donor support to build their conservation capacity find. The uns global biodiversity outlook 2014 estimates that 70 percent of the projected loss of terrestrial biodiversity are caused by.
When it comes to ensuring a new deal for nature and people, cities have much to offer. Patricia howard, wageningen university, the netherlands, and university of kent, united kingdom paper presented to the 2009 amsterdam conference on the human dimensions of global environmental change, earth systems governance people, places, and the planet, 2 4 december 2009. Corruption and environmental outcomes are commonly both the result of sets of political and economic institutions at different levels. Barriers and opportunities in biodiversity governance. We, subnational governments, cities and local authorities as participants and contributors to the edinburgh process for subnational and local governments on the development of the post2020 global biodiversity framework, and supported by the secretariat and some parties to the convention on biological diversity are deeply concerned about the significant implications that the loss.
We investigated whether changes in three well surveyed. Economic growth, biodiversity and conservation policies in. At local scales, it is likely that ecosystems with greater biodiversity are more productive and more stable through time. Governance and the loss of biodiversity convention on biological.
Stachowicz,11 reg watson12 humandominated marine ecosystems are experiencing accelerating loss of. However, the world continues to lose its biodiversity as a result of both direct and. Biodiversity loss is a development issue international institute for. The loss of biodiversity reduces ecosystem resilience and increases vulnerability to threats including negative impacts of climate change well established. Governance and trade gbo global biodiversity outlook. However, biodiversity is still being lost, ecosystems are still being degraded. An assessment of their contributions to halting biodiversity loss. Facing the challenges of global governance without science. The interviews focused on what works, what does not work, what are the causes of biodiversity loss, and what are the. Swingland the durrell institute of conservation and ecology i. The papers starting point is the absence of significant critical thinking on the validity or workability of the targetsetting strategy for biodiversity governance. A recent study by the netherlands environmental assessment agency pbl 2010a has highlighted. Continentalscale governance failure will hasten loss of.
The loss of marine biodiversity impacts livelihoods and food security and jeopardises human health and securitytoday and in the future. The challenge of biodiversity loss therefore requires us to. Reduced biodiversity in particular leads to reduced ecosystem services and eventually poses an immediate danger for food security, also for humankind. In thyasirids and lucinids, the foot consists of an outer layer. Evidence suggests that ocean biodiversity at all levels is being lost as a result of the direct and indirect impacts of human pressures. Biodiversity data for quality policy making the role of quality consolidated data for efficient and effective policy making and biodiversity governance is unquestionable. Continentalscale governance and the hastening of loss of. Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and.
Future habitat loss and the conservation of plant biodiversity xingli giama,1, corey j. Against a global backdrop of rapid environmental change, conserving biodiversity poses one of the biggest and most important challenges to society. Biodiversity is in the core field of environmental governance. Loss of biological diversity is occurring across all of these ecosystems and. But as a rule, most of african countries presente these characteristics. Biodiversity loss, also called loss of biodiversity, a decrease in biodiversity within a species, an ecosystem, a given geographic area, or earth as a whole. Sep 10, 2020 according to the authors, a true reversal of biodiversity declines will however likely necessitate an even broader set of actions, addressing biodiversity loss jointly with climate change. Loss of biodiversity biodiversity loss upsc ncert notes. We assessed the exposure of globally threatened plant biodi.
Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Cities, biodiversity and governance united nations university. The necessity for city governance to tackle the challenges of biodiversity loss has increased as. The tropical rain forests contain 50 percent of the species on the earth. Habitat loss and destruction, usually as a direct result of human activity and population growth, is a major force in the loss of species, populations, and ecosystems. Journal of global resources volume 3 july 2016 page 115 issn. Edinburgh declaration on post2020 global biodiversity. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services boris worm,1 edward b. This issue was written and edited by changbo bai, nienke beintema, boalex fredvik, and charlotte salpin. Global biodiversity loss and the international context. By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where. The policy recognizes that biodiversity loss can be driven by. Diversity cbd, as the 2010 target to reduce the rate of biodiversity loss set by governments during the world summit on sustainable development in 2002 is not being achieved.
View ecol100 the economics of biodiversity slp 4 v2. The interviews focused on what works, what does not work, what are the causes of biodiversity loss, and what are the barriers to improvements in biodiversity focusing on aspects of governance rather than particular onthe ground management measures. Pdf governance and loss of biodiversity researchgate. Government will play an important role but cant deliver this strategy alone. The latter phenomenon can be temporary or permanent, depending on whether the environmental degradation that leads to the loss is. Moreover, poor governance means that much biodiversity is lost due to illegal activity.
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